Kinetics experiments

There are a large number of experiments that can be carried out to investigate the rate of a chemical reaction. Analysis of the data can be used to find the orders of reaction with respect to the individual components, determination of the rate constant at a specific temperature and the activation energy. It may even be possible to propose a mechanism.

The following is a list of common experiments:

• The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide using a catalyst.
• The reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosufate solution.
• The reaction between zinc and sulfuric acid in the presence of a copper ion catalyst.
• The iodine clock reaction (example: potassium iodide and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of sodium thiosulphate and starch indicator).
• The reaction between marble chips and hydrochloric acid solution.
• The hydrolysis of an ester by dilute acid.
• The reaction between a haloalkane and dilute sodium hydroxide solution

The above reactions have some common characteristics:

• 1 They are all reasonably slow reactions
• 2 They all have a component that can be measured

They can be sub-divided into two types:

• 1 Those that are continuously monitored
• 2 Those that measure the time taken to reach a certain point.

The first type allows the rate to be measured at any time by graphing data, while the second type only measures the average rate over a specific time of reaction.

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The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide decomposes according to the equation:

2H₂O₂(aq) 2H₂O(l) + O₂(g)

At room temperature the reaction is very slow, but in the presence of a catalyst (usually manganese(IV) oxide) the rate becomes moderate to fast. The progress of the reaction can be followed by measuring the volume of oxygen liberated at regular time intervals.

Hydrogen peroxide is available in 100 vol solution, meaning that 100 volumes of oxygen is produced from 1 volume of hydrogen peroxide.

Part 1 - determining rate of reaction

Prepare a 10 vol solution of hydrogen peroxide by pipetting a 25ml aliquot of the 100 vol hydrogen peroxide solution into a 250 ml volumetric flask and making up to the mark with distilled (deionised) water. Invert the volumetric flask several times to mix.

Measure out about 1 g manganese(IV) oxide catalyst into a small metal cap. Place the cap carefully on the bottom of a conical flask.

Transfer 25 ml of the hydrogen peroxide solution into the volumetric flask using a pipette, being careful not to disturb the contents of the metal cap. The cap may float on the hydrogen peroxide solution.

Connect a gas syringe to the flask as in the diagram.

Shake to mix the hydrogen peroxide and catalyst and start timing.

Record the volume on the gas syringe every 20 s.

Repeat the procedure using 20 ml hydrogen peroxide solution and 5 ml water; 15 ml hydrogen peroxide/10 ml water; 10 ml hydrogen peroxide/ 15 ml water; 5 ml hydrogen peroxide/20 ml water.

Part 2 - the activation energy

Choose a mixture from part 1 that has a reasonably slow rate.

Repeat the procedure at several different temperatures.

The temperature is controlled by immersing the reaction mixture in a thermostatically controlled water bath and allowing the hydrogen peroxide temperature to stabilise before the reaction. This cn be checked by continuous measurement using a thermometer.

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Recording the data

Once again, all qualitative and quantitative data must be recorded, preferably in a table.

Raw data

An example of a possible tabulated set of results is shown below:

Observations: The hydrogen peroxide effervesced on mixing with the catalyst. The first two reactions showed noticeable heat evolution (exothermic reaction).

The data is then recorded for the reaction at different temperatures using the 15 ml H₂O₂/ 10 ml H₂O mixture.

Analysing the data

Data analysis - part 1

The data from the first part is plotted graphically with the volume of gas evolved (y - axis) against the time (x- axis). The points are joined using the best fit curve. The tangent to the curve is drawn where the curve passes through the origin.

The gradient of the curve provides the initial rate of reaction.

The concentration of hydrogen peroxide is then plotted (x-axis) against the rate of reaction (y-axis) to find the order of reaction with respect to hydrogen peroxide.

From this, the rate constant can be determined.

Rate = k[H₂O₂]^x

Data analysis - part 2

Once the order of reaction is determined the rate constants can be calculated at the different temperatures.

Arrhenius equation gives the relationship between the activation energy and the rate constant at different temperatures (given in the data booklet):

k = Ae^-Ea/RT

The log_e (natural log, ln) form of the Arrhenius equation is:

ln k = lnA - Ea/RT

Hence, a plot of ln k against 1/T gives a straight line with gradient - Ea/R

This then allows calculation of the activation energy, Ea.

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Treatment of errors and inaccuracies

Clearly this is a long experiment as several runs must be carried out to obtain the order of reaction and then several more at different temperatures to obtain the activation energy. There are many areas where inaccuracies can arise.

Instrumental tolerances can be summed as percentages for each measurement to find the overall instrumental error. For example the gas syringe alone has an inaccuracy of about ± 1. This equates to an average percentage error of about 2%.

However, probably the greatest inaccuracy comes from gauging the slope of the tangent to the curve at t=0.

There are likely to be issues with temperature control in part 2, unless the reaction is carried out under thermostatically controlled conditions, which is not always available in a school.

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